How to get rid of dandruff fast, First step

So you have Dandruff and you have tried many dandruff remedies but nothing works, what can you do?

First step to getting rid of dandruff hair and scalp is to stop using commercial hair shampoos as they contains chemicals they dry out the scalp and strip way necessary natural oils that you need to keep your scalp moist and healthy. So replace with a natural anti-dandruff remedy as follows: to stop dandruff simply mix baking soda mixed and water to form a paste and apply on the scalp and leave in for 10 minutes then wash out.

Get some Mira hair oil and apply onto your scalp, leave the oil in for 30 minutes and then wash out, it will keep your scalp moist and dandruff free. When you are done shampooing your dandruff hair, take 2 tablespoons of fresh apple juice and mix it with 2 tablespoons of warm water, then apply this solution on your hair and scalp and then rub, leave in for 10 minutes and wash off. This rinse should be used whenever you shampoo, use after a shampoo to stop dandruff

Aspirin has been known to stop dandruff hair and to use this simply get a natural shampoo and put one crushed aspirin into a regular shampoo bottle, mix well and wash your hair with it,, it will keep dandruff at bay. These dandruff treatments are great and all but really they are inconvenient and truth is sometimes mixing herbs and solutions together can do more bad than good

So the best dandruff hair treatment for dry hair is to give your scalp a massage with a product called Mira hair oil. To stop dandruff simply take Mira hair oil and massage into your scalp- and hair, this oil is very useful for dry, damaged hair. The best way to do it is to massage a few teaspoons of this powerful herbal hair oil into your scalp, then allow the oil to sit for 30 minutes or more, and then shampoo with the herbal shampoo that comes with it. This dandruff hair treatment will help repair split ends, stop dandruff, stop hair loss , promote hair growth, stop premature graying and it will also give your once “dry hair” incredible shiny.

This is an amazing hair oil and hair care treatment that has been used for centuries because of its amazing ability to make the hair healthy and grow at an accelerated pace. I strongly suggest you use Mira hair oil that has a powerful and precise combination of the finest herbs from across the world along with special fortifying hair growth vitamins. That gives your hair and scalp amazing health. You will see amazing and fast results- all without harmful chemicals1) it is a perfect dandruff hair solution

If your SCALP is flaking really badly you must simply allow your scalp and hair follicles to breathe so use Mira hair oil, it will stop the scalp itching and dandruff hair. And it will reverse the flaking scalp and dandruff hair and do it all naturally, it has no toxins or chemicals and will quickly give you the results you seek. Simply apply the oil onto the scalp and leave in for 30 minutes and then wash out, within a week your flaky scalp problems will stop

Understand that an itchy scalp with dandruff hair is probably a sign that your hair is breaking through the scalp and growing. Unhealthy. Mira hair oil will add natural moisture to your scalp and hair and allow the body to produce the right amount of natural oils it needs to be healthy. Shiny and to grow faster

How to get rid of dandruff fast, How to Overcome

Getting Rid of Hair Dandruff Very Fast – Good Hair Tip – Getting Rid of Dandruff With Natural Quick eliminate dandruff and tips that can make you comfortable, dandruff is very disturbing both in children and adults, many is the real techniques and ways to eliminate dandruff variety of complaints that occur in our heads, well here may be little useful information on Getting Rid of Dandruff. it's good we know first what it is dandruff. Dandruff is the excessive flaking of dead skin on the head. Most people feel lost confidence if dandruff. In addition, the dandruff is also one of the causes of hair damage. Therefore, dandruff should be addressed immediately.

The main causes and symptoms and signs dandruff hair

1. Shaped flakes of dead skin that looks white and greasy hair and shoulders that pollutes.
2. Scaly scalp.
3. Itching of the scalp.

In line with the growth of skin, the outermost cells of the scalp will be pushed out, where they eventually die and peel off from the head. Exfoliation is too small to be visible eye. In people dandruff, skin cells may die and be replaced approximately every 2 weeks. Whereas in people without dandruff, this cycle lasts 1 month. As a result, dead skin cells will detach and accumulate in large numbers, which appear as small flakes, white or gray on the scalp.

Dandruff Causes
1. The skin is too dry.
Dryness of the scalp can cause the skin to peel off and form of skin flakes.
2. The skin is too oily.
Excessive oil on the hair can be a source of food fungus growing on the scalp, where the fungus will stimulate excessive flaking scalp and cause dandruff.
3. Too often or too rarely shampooing.
4. Stress.
5. The use of hair cosmetics excessive or unsuitable.
6. Excessive consumption of fatty foods.
7. Malassezia (a fungus that can cause seborrheic dermatitis is inflammation of the skin).
8. Psoriasis (accumulation of dead skin cells which Formatting a thick silver scales).
9. Craddle cap (seborrheic dermatitis on the scalp of the baby).
10. Dermatitis (skin inflammation) due to sensitivity to certain hair care products or hair dyes.

Prevent Dandruff in Hair Easier

1. Learning to manage stress.
2. Shampooing regularly 2-3 times a week. If the hair is oily, shampoo can be made every day and more secure if you use a shampoo that is not too harsh (mild shampoo).
3. Stop using hair styling products that are not suitable for the hair and can trigger dandruff eg hair spray, styling gels etc..
4. Eat healthy foods. Food can provide enough zinc (zinc), vitamin B and essential fatty acids that may help prevent dandruff.
5. Few bask in the sun because sunlight can help the process of prevention and cure of dandruff. However, if too long, the sun can damage the scalp and hair.

How to Overcome Dandruff
1. Clean the scalp with a gentle shampoo to reduce levels of oil on the scalp.
2. Avoid comb lend to others and vice versa.
3. Keep your personal items for always clean, such as combs, towels and pillowcases.
4. Keep your scalp and hair clean. Wash your hair regularly and massage the scalp.
5. Eat less oily and fatty foods and increase foods that contain zinc (zinc).
6. If the type of shampoo used to fail, use a shampoo or cream antiketombe that can be purchased freely in shops or pharmacies.
1. Sampo anti Dandruff
The content of shampoo that can help overcome dandruff namely tar, salicylic acid, zinc, selenium sulfide, and ketoconazole. This shampoo can be used all the time or only 1 or 2 times a week, depending on the severity of the symptoms. If one of these shampoo only works temporarily and then dandruff persists, then replace it with another. Make sure also let the shampoo for at least 5 minutes for the active substance to work optimally before flushing.
2. Cream
There is an additional treatment with two types of cream for reducing the dandruff of cortisone cream and antifungal cream.
7. If you've shampooed as directed using such products still showed dandruff then go to another doctor or dermatologist. Maybe you need a stronger shampoo or lotion treatment is with steroids. if you wanna make a good hair (Beautiful hair) you can read in my another articles

How to get rid of dandruff fast, Some tips

Dandruff is a product of scalp metabolism. Teenager metabolism is so faster to trigger dandruff. Some tips to get rid of dandruff below:

1. Scalp hygiene. Wash head with warm boiled water every week. If necessary wash head every 3 or 4 days. Soap with strong Alkaline is not suitable for alkaline irritate epithelial cells to Keratinize and shed dandruff. Sulfur soap and shampoo is more suitable.

2. Comb hair frequently. Every morning and evening comb hair 2 or 3 times to promote blood circulation of scalp and increase hair nutrition and hair growth. Keratosis of scalp epithelial cells will slow down.

3. Quit smoking, less drinking; avoid eating spicy and greasy foods. Never scrape violently or wash with sharp things if feel scratching and itching.

4. Drugs for external use as Thimerosal ointment are available. The formulations are 2 grams of salicylic acid and 5 grams of sulfur. Formulations for Willow tincture or chlorine are1 gof chloramphenicol,3 gof salicylic acid, 5 ml of glycerol, and 100 ml of 75% alcohol.

5. Take drugs for internal use as aid treatment such as 10 mg of vitamin B6 three times daily, 0.03 to 0.06 gram of thyroxine tablets, 1 or 2 times a day.

6. Rub shampoo and a teaspoon of salt on the hair. You could use this way one or 2 times every week. You will find dandruff disappears and your hairs become shiny after short period.

7. Right diet to fight against dandruff.

a) Vegetable Gruel: applicable of "blood deficiency and too much internal heat" as terms of Chinese traditional medicine.
Material: 50 grams of Spinach, 50 grams of rice
Recipe: Wash and boil spinach. Cut spinach into section. Wash the rice and put water and rice into the pot and cook. After the rice is ready put spinach into the Gruel.

b) Green Bean and pearl barley soup is applicable for "inner heat"
Material: 200 g of pearl barley and 50 g of Green Bean
Recipe: Soak barley and cook barley then put green beans together.

8. In the dry season, you can try several ways below to get rid of dandruff.

a) Wash head with warm ginger and vinegar.
b) Rub scalp with onion juice and wash with warm water.
c) Wet hair with beer and wash clean after 15 minutes and then apply shampoo. This method could remove dandruff after 4 or 5 days without side effect. If dandruffs stay in the hair you should comb hair From front to back, from back to front, from left to right, from right to left gently. Wind comb teeth with gauze and comb hair. Dandruff will attach to gauze. If your hair is oily you should use degreasing shampoo once a week. After washing the hair you may rub hair cream or glycerin.

Above of all, lead regular life and be happy ; Eat more alkaline foods such as kelp, seaweed, beans, fruits, etc. and drink milk, which can keep hair health and shiny and reduce dandruff.

Dandruff home remedies, Easy Steps to Eliminate Dandruff

An itchy scalp is usually one of the first signs of dandruff. Dandruff is a very widespread occurrence and most of us have suffered from it. Quite a number of shampoos have been created to address this menace. These products and solutions are fairly expensive and some of them are known to cause side effects. A number of commonly available items are used as home remedies for dandruff. These dandruff home remedies have become a lot more beneficial, user friendly and cost-effective as compared to these commercial shampoos.

Some examples of common dandruff home remedies are explained below.

Beetroots should be boiled in water. The resultant solution after cooling down is then applied on to the scalp each night. White beetroots are the most effective as a dandruff cure.

Use of fenugreek seeds is also highly effective as a treatment for dandruff. Soak a handful of these seeds in water overnight. Grind them in the morning to form a thick paste. Apply the paste on the scalp liberally and leave it to dry on its own. After thirty to forty minutes, the paste will have dried. Wash off thoroughly with soap-nut solution.

Tea tree oil -Recent research has indicated that tea tree oil taken from the
Melaleuca alternifolia tree has potent antifungal and antibacterial qualities which are excellent for dandruff home remedies. This is a fact that the native peoples of Australia have known for hundreds of years. Although for many people tea tree oil shampoo is effective, it can be even more so if the oil is applied directly to the scalp, particularly if your dandruff is of the more serious or severe nature.

Dermatologists also suggest that one ought to have a well balanced diet to help keep off dandruff. Fresh fruits and vegetables must be a component of our meal habits. Persons suffering from dandruff need to avoid citrus fruits, bananas, tinned fruits, refined and processed foods.

Dandruff home remedies, get rid of it completely

Wouldn’t life be just that bit better if you could avoid the cost of all those over-priced anti-dandruff shampoos and use your own dandruff home remedy instead? Home remedy ones that really do work and use all natural products, with no nasty chemicals involved. Well you can.

What is dandruff? Dandruff is the result of our body shedding dead skin cells. While some of us don’t have much of a problem with dandruff, for many others it is a different story. There are many people who have tried everything and anything to get rid of dandruff. There are some efficient, all natural products that get great results and get rid of that itchy, flaky scalp for good.

Many shampoo companies are now starting to use natural products in their shampoos because they are aware of the benefits they bring, but they still charge you a lot of money to buy their products. You can make your very own dandruff home remedy using natural oils such as tea tree, or lemon, just to name a couple. Moreover, you will pay a lot less than the amount the shampoo companies will charge you.

If you really want to get your dandruff under control or get rid of it completely, what is stopping you from making your very own products? They are easy to make, inexpensive and most of all they really do work.

There is a book that provides a very good understanding of every single dandruff home remedy. It gives you step-by-step instructions on which natural products you can use for help with mild to extreme dandruff problems, and giving information on how to help keep your scalp clear and help it repair all the damage that has been done to the scalp’s own natural oils caused by so many different products that we have been using for too many years.

Using dandruff home remedies

Dandruff is an ordinary scalp problem and by taking dandruff home remedies we can easily remove this. Really it is very difficult to find out the main cause of dandruff. Some factors are taken in consideration as reasons of dandruff. Factors are improper diet, constipation, emotional tension, lack of vitamin, normal tiredness, harsh shampoos, exposure to hot or cold condition, impairment of health and so-on. Dandruff is one of reasons of hair fall. So, by seeing some signs we can make a decision about the dandruff. One of dandruff symptoms is scratched scalp. If scalp drops on the shoulders, eye brows, cloths like snowflakes, we can say there is high amount of dandruff. Another sign is annoying condition of the scalp. Due to this condition anyone may scratch the scalp and it will lead red scalp. During combing the hair, falling dandruff may lead the embarrassing situation. So we should check dandruff. Some people take various kinds of treatment to prevent dandruff. But it may be costly. By using dandruff home remedies, we can prevent dandruff within limited budget and simply. Some effective dandruff home remedies are as below:

1. Fenugreek Seeds for treating dandruff

Using of fenugreek seeds is dandruff home remedy. Mainly a paste of this seed is used to treat the dandruff. To make the paste, you have to soak two teaspoon of fenugreek seeds overnight in water. Then you will be able to make the paste in morning. After that, you have to use the paste over the whole scalp and take rest for 50 to 60 minutes. Then you must wash it.

2. Lime for treating dandruff

Lime juice is very effective for preventing dandruff. Not only it prevents the dandruff, but also removes the stickiness oh the hair.

3. Dandruff treatment with green gram powder

Using green gram powder is one effective and simple dandruff home remedy. You can mix two tablespoon of green gram powder with half cup of curd and in a week, you can use this mixture two or three times.

4. Dandruff treatment with Beet

Beets are very helpful in preventing dandruff. Both roots and tops can be used. You should boil beets in water for some minutes. Then the filtrate must be massaged over the scalp each night with finger tips. For this purpose white beet is better.

5. Dandruff treatment via snake gourd

The use of snake gourd for treating the dandruff is very effective than other dandruff home remedies. For this function, snake gourd juice is used. The juice of snake gourd should be massaged over the scalp.

6. Dandruff treatment with olive oil and almond oil

For this function, you have to mix the same amount of almond oil and olive oil. Rub your scalp with this mixture and take rest for five minutes. Then you will have to rinse well. It is one simple but effective dandruff home remedy.

How to Get Rid of Dandruff, Natural Ways to Treat

Whilst it's difficult to name a precise cause of dandruff, it is a common condition that many people suffer with but it is possible to get rid of your dandruff with natural remedies. Notwithstanding the above, there are various factors that can trigger or even aggravate the dandruff & flaky scalp condition and there is some speculation as to the possible causes of dandruff.

Dandruff is a kind of Seborrhoeic Dermatitis, also known as seborrhea, which is actually a disease of the skin but without the red patches normally associated with seborrhoeic dermatitis. Furthermore it is also believed that dandruff is caused by a fungus that normally lives on the skin & feeds on the oil in the skin which means that people with particularly oily scalps are more prone to getting dandruff. However if you are a sufferer of seborrhoeic dermatitis, don't despair as you can get relief by using these effective & natural home remedies for dandruff.

5 Natural Ways to Treat Seborrhoeic Dermatitis & Dandruff

Avoid Chemical Treatments
Chemically based hair products should be avoided as they may aggravate the condition. It's best to use natural products and home remedies to cure dandruff.

Shampoo
Daily washing & massaging of the scalp with a shampoo containing a product such as selenium sulfide will help ease the dandruff.

Stress
Managing or eliminating stress will help ease the seborrhoeic dermatitis & dandruff which is known to be aggravated by stress.

Diet
A healthy eating plan & balanced diet will also help ease the condition.

Sun
It has been noted that incidences of dandruff ease during Summer so exposure to the sun may be an effective treatment for it.

In conclusion, whilst many dandruff sufferers have a hard time getting rid of it, it is important to identify the cause of it in order to apply the correct treatment to get rid of it. So once the cause of the dandruff is known, whether it's from stress or seborrhoeic dermatitis or just a very oily scalp, the correct remedy can be applied.

How to Get Rid of Dandruff, The easiest way

Ever wondered why we get dandruff in the first place and more to the point how to successfully and sustainably get rid of it. As dandruff is a skin scalp condition that can be suffered in varying degrees, ranging from mild to extremely severe, there are many ways to treat it.

The easiest way to get rid of dandruff is probably by using anti dandruff shampoo and conditioner while washing your hair. While this might work pretty well in some cases, the simple use of anti dandruff shampoo might not show any improving results at all. This is mainly because different individuals have different hair and skin conditions and therefore require different dandruff treatments.

A reasonable starting point to get rid of dandruff is to understand what causes your dandruff. Mild dandruff usually appears after changing a specific hair product and can easily be reduced by avoiding it. Severe dandruff problems, on the other hand, can be based on serious skin disorders and need professional help in form of proper medical advise and appropriate treatments. Whether you suffer from mild, moderate or severe hair dandruff it can never do any harm to go and see a skin specialist to identify the root of the problem.

A proper diet plays another great role when dealing with dandruff. Eating animal fat and unsaturated vegetable oils can harm your metabolism and hence have an effect on your skin condition as does the over consumption of chocolate, iodized salt, alcohol, nuts and food that is high in calories.

As there are so many different levels of dandruff we often end up trying countless products and paying a high price for simply trial and error. To successfully get rid of dandruff it is advisable to get reading and identify your very own causes of dandruff before trying every product on the market. There is an eBook that focuses on natural ways to get rid of dandruff which you may consider as a healthy alternative for your scalp.

How to Get Rid of Dandruff, definitely existent ways to get rid of

Dandruff is the common skin problem that we face in our daily life. With dandruff your hairs loose their beauty and can even become a nightmare for you. Healthy hairs make you attractive while hairs with dandruff can spoil your personality. So be cautious about your looks and get rid of unwanted ‘flakes’ – get rid of dandruff.

There are few, but definitely existent ways to get rid of dandruff other than shampoos. One such cure is vinegar. Massage vinegar onto your scalp and leave it for few minutes before washing it off thoroughly. Follow the above procedure and you will see your dandruff start to disappear within a week’s time. The same steps as above can be carried out using lemon (about half) squeezed in warm hair oil to achieve considerably good results.

Mix 8 tbsp. peanut oil with the juice of half a lemon. Rub the mixture into your hair, leave on for 10 minutes and then wash as usual.

Yogurt is recommended as a hair conditioner. Wash and rinse the hair, then rub yogurt into the scalp, and leave for 10-15 minutes.

A good anti-dandruff shampoo should contain salicylic acid, zinc pryithione, selenium sulfide, coal tar, or ketoconazole, all of which treat irritated skin cells. Head & Shoulders, Neutrogena, Pantene Pro-V, Pert Plus, Selsun Blue, Nizoral are all popular and effective brands of dandruff-formula shampoos. If you're not sure which product to try first, ask a professional, like your hair stylist or dermatologist. If you sucessfully get rid of your dandruff and choose to go back to a regular-formula shampoo and conditioner, use smaller amounts and make sure to rinse thoroughly to avoid further scalp irritation from over-washing.

Herbs like Sage and Rosemary have been proved to be effective in treating hair loss. Rosemary, peach leaf, sage, nettle and burdock should be boiled and strained and the liquid can be used for hair wash on a daily basis. For patients suffering from eczema, psoriasis, seborrhea and dandruff jajaoba oil is recommended. Jajoba oil being hypoallergenic, promotes hair growth and regulates dandruff problems.

The ingredients you will need are curd, honey and lemon. Use two tablespoons of curd and mix with three drops of honey and three drops of lemon juice. Mix together and apply to the scalp, leave on for fifteen minutes, then scrub for fifteen minutes.

Magnetic therapy for dandruff

Magnetic therapy is one of the best nature cure methods for effective dandruff treatment. You can consult a good magnetic therapist for your dandruff treatment.

Best Dandruff Shampoo and efficient way to treat dandruff

Every year anti-dandruff shampoo companies spend thousands a year trying to market their products perfectly in the eyes of consumers; they promise cures and healthy methods of doing so. The problem is a lot of this is built on false pretensions; firstly dandruff is a natural process and not a condition so it can't be "cured" and secondly the ingredients of these shampoos are often full of bad chemicals which will only damage your skin and give off the appearance of a "cure"

But that being said there are many anti-dandruff shampoo companies that are releasing products with natural oils in now because they are beginning to recognise the power natural oils can have over the "war on dandruff" but due to their marketing geniuses they still charge the same ridiculous prices.

These natural oils found in these expensive shampoos can be found in your own home, it’s a common fact amongst many dandruff suffers now that home remedies for dandruff is the most effective and efficient way to treat dandruff because of the control it gives the consumer.

Natural oils like tea tree oils and lime juice are GREAT for this, simply apply these half an hour before showering and continue on like normal. There are many natural oils out there that do the job, and by combining several different natural oils you can create home remedies for dandruff that are catered just for you. So do the best for your scalp and your pocket and start creating your own home remedies today, you will never look back.

Only the best dandruff shampoo would suffice

So to start of with, I guess I should probably describe exactly what dandruff is. Well, dandruff is basically when newer skin cells push your old skin cells on your head to the surface, making them visible. So really, everyone has dandruff because everyone does shed his or her skin every couple weeks or so. But what classifies an individual, as having dandruff is the fact that they have a fungus on their head that essentially acts as a catalyst and speeds up the entire process, causing them to shed their skin at a much faster rate. To treat dandruff, only the best dandruff shampoo would suffice.

There are currently several dandruff shampoos on the market, and I’m sure many of you have heard and seen some of the commercials on television. The thing with choosing the best dandruff shampoo is that it has to essentially do one thing, and that is to kill the fungus. Some shampoos out there do not necessarily kill the fungus but rather reduce the visibility of the flakes. One thing you should look for when buying your anti-dandruff shampoo is a product that contains either zinc or Ketoconazole. Why these two? Well, there have been many studies done on the effectiveness of these chemicals in the elimination of the fungus.

Just as a side note, in order for you to have noticeable results from using these shampoos, you need to leave the shampoo in your hair for at least 20 minutes, and not the 5 minutes stated on the packaging. Also, try not to use the same product continuously, but rather alternate between two or three different products to prevent your body from getting used to one particular type. One should also be aware that there are much cheaper natural alternatives that can be made in your own kitchen and are just as effective in killing the fungus.

The Best Dandruff Shampoo, What to look for in

The best dandruff shampoo targets the primary causes of dandruff – flakes, itchiness, and excess oil, while soothing irritation and inflammation. Controlling flaking and itching are the primary duties of a restorative shampoo, yet alleviating the causes help eliminate future symptoms and restore scalp health.

Major Symptoms

Dandruff symptoms are caused by several factors – excessive oil production by sebaceous glands, scalp and skin allergies due to paraben preservatives or harsh surfactants, product build-up, or inflammation.

A primary cause of dandruff is an oily scalp. Excessive oil clogs pores, traps dirt, and inflames scalp tissue. As irritation worsens, flakes form. White or yellow flaking and scaling can become severe if oil is not controlled. The best dandruff shampoo controls oils while "clarifying" and irrigating pores of dirt, oil, bacteria and fungus.

Harsh preservatives and surfactants are also considered “suspect #1”. Many shampoos use cleansers that get your hair clean, but irritate the scalp – causing itching. Same applies to preservatives. Paraben-free free preservatives are gentle on the scalp, while still providing maximum preservation of the product without interfering with deep-cleaning action.

As an important note, severe dryness can also cause scalp itch and flakes. Though this is a rare occurrence, it produces dandruff-like symptoms and requires a moisturizing shampoo for treatment. Using Emu Oil, Jojoba Oil, or as topical applications will reduce dryness while an Emu shampoo will provide daily relief and add moisture to the scalp and hair.

What to look for in the best Dandruff Shampoo

Zinc PCA is one of the most effective active ingredients used in shampoos for dandruff. Zinc PCA is a naturally-derived compound used extensively (and proven) to regulate oil production from sebaceous glands. Sebaceous glands are associated with follicle pores and produce sebum. Sebum protects the follicle shaft, adds moisture, and helps infuse nutrients.

Zinc PCA helps control over-active glands and reduces sebum. For most, this dramatically reduces itching and flaking.

As a manufacturer, we recommend shampoos that are paraben-free and contain botanical extracts. Many inexpensive shampoos are harsh and use surfactants (the foaming action) to clean. While cleaning is good, the result can often be scalp irritation or slight allergic reactions...just enough to get the dandruff "engine" started.

Botanical extracts such as Sage, Ivy Burdock, or Thyme have been shown to work very well at cleaning while soothing irritation and reducing inflammation. They reduce itchiness, clean product build-up from styling aids, and work well for dandruff control.

The best dandruff shampoo addresses the primary causes of flaking and irritation and leaves your hair and scalp clean and refreshed.